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Table of Contents
Narration in hindi
Types of narration
(1.)Direct speech
जब कोई व्यक्ति किसी की कही हुई बात को ज्यो का त्यों रखता हैँ तो इसे direct speech कहा जाता हैँ
Direct Speech With Examples
He said,”I am going to jaipur” (Direct Narration or Direct Speech)
उपयुक्त वाक्य मे वक्ता (speaker) he है और he के कहे हुए शब्दों को ज्यो का त्यों Inverted commas “……….” मे लिखा गया है ।
(2.)Indirect speech
जब कोई व्यक्ति या श्रोता किसी वक्ता (speaker) के ‘कथन’ को अपने शब्दों या भाषा में कहता, तो उसे Indirect speech कहते है,
He said that he was going to Delhi. (Indirect Narration or Indirect Speech)
उपयुक्त वाक्य मे वक्ता के शब्दों को ज्यो का त्यों न कहकर उसका भाव प्रकट किया जाता है । इसलिए I को he मे तथा am को was मे बदलना पड़ा ।
Indirect Speech मे Inverted commas का प्रयोग नहीं होता है ।
Types of Direct speech
i) Reporting Verb –
ii) Reported Speech –
| Reporting speech | reported speech |
|---|---|
| Hashim said | “Will you give me your pen?” |
- Direct Speech मे वक्ता के कथन को Inverted Commas के अंदर रखा जाता है ।
- Reporting Verb के पश्चात् comma(,) का प्रयोग होता है ।
- Inverted commas के अन्दर के भाग का प्रथम अक्षर Capital letter से लिखा जाता है ।
Narration rules in hindi
- Indirect Speech मे Inverted Commas “…….” को हटा देते है ।
- Reporting Verb के बाद comma(,) का प्रयोग नहीं होता ।
- Reporting Verb का tense कभी नहीं बदलता ।
- Reporting Verb को Reported speech के भाव के अनुसार told, requested, advised, ordered आदि में बदल देते हैं ।
Assertive sentence in hindi part.1
- Rule 1: यदि Reporting Verb, Present अथवा Future Tense मे हो। तो Reported Speech के Verb के Tense में किसी प्रकार का परिवर्तन नहीं करते हैं ।
| Direct speech | indirect speech |
|---|---|
| hashim says,”maksud has gone to Agra.” | hashim says that maksud has gone to Agra. |
| Fardeen will say,”riyaj is very intelligent.” | Fardeen will say that riyaj is very intelligent. |
| He has said to me,” kasim will join the camp.” | He has told me that kasim will join the camp. |
Note : say, says या said को Indirect Speech में tell, tells या told में उस समय बदलते है , जब इसके बाद Object (कर्म ) हो । यदि say, says या said के बाद Object न हो तो उन्हें नहीं बदलते ।
- Rule 2: यदि Reporting Verb, Past Tense में हो , तो Reported Speech के Tense में परिवर्तन होता है
Tense सम्बन्धी नियम के अपवाद (Exceptions)
नीचे लिखी दशाओ में Reporting Verb, Past Tense में होते हुए भी Reported Speech का Tense नहीं बदलता है :
(1) जब कोई सदा सत्य रहने वाली बात (Universal Truth) कही जाए;
| Direct speech | indirect speech |
|---|---|
| The teacher said,”The earth moves round the sun.” | The teacher said that the earth moves round the sun. |
| He said,”The sun rises in the east.” | He said that the sun rises in the east. |
(2) जब कोई आदत सम्बन्धी सत्य (Habitual fact) कहा जाए ; जैसे :
| Direct speech | indirect speech |
|---|---|
| usman said to Ravi,”Dogs bark at the strangers.” | usman told Ravi that dogs bark at the strangers. |
(3) जब कोई कहावत (Proverb) कही जाए ; जैसे :
| Direct speech | indirect speech |
|---|---|
| salman said,”Honesty is the best policy.” | salman said that honesty is the best policy. |
(4) जब किसी ऐतिहासिक घटना (Historical fact) का जिक्र हो ; जैसे:
| Direct speech | indirect speech |
|---|---|
| The History teacher said,”imran is called the Napoleon of India.” | The History teacher said that imran is called the Napoleon of India. |
- Rule 1: Direct से Indirect बनाते समय Reported Speech के First Person के Pronouns (I, me, my, mine, we, us, ours) को Reporting Verb के Subject के Person, Number और Gender के अनुसार बदल देते है । जैसे
| Direct speech | indirect speech |
|---|---|
| I said, ” I do not like that book.” | I said that I did not like that book. |
- Rule 2: Direct से Indirect में परिवर्तन करते समय Reported Speech में आये हुए Second Person के Pronouns(you, your, yours) को reporting Verb के Object के Person , Number और Gender के अनुसार बदल देते है । जैसे :
| Direct speech | indirect speech |
|---|---|
| He said to me, “You are good.” | He told me that I was good. |
- Rule 3: Direct से Indirect में परिवर्तन करते समय Reported Speech में आये हुए Third Person के Pronouns (he, she, it, they, his, her, its, their, him, them) में कोई परिवर्तन नहीं करते है ।
| Direct speech | indirect speech |
|---|---|
| He said, “He is a doctor.” | He said that he was a doctor. |
Table of Changes in Pronouns in hindi :
| Person | Nominative or Subjective form | Objective form | Possessive form |
| First Person | I, We | me, us | my, mine, our, ours |
| Second Person | You | you | your, yours |
| Third Person | He She It They | him her it them | his her, hers its their, theirs |
- Rule 1: Reported Speech में प्रयुक्त समय अथवा स्थिति की निकटता (nearness of time or position) सूचक शब्दों को दूरी प्रकट करने वाले शब्दों में बदल देते हैं ।
Example
- ago : before
- come : go
- hence : thence
- hither : thither
- here : there
- just : then
- now : then
- this : that
- these : those
- thus : so
- to-night : that night
- today : that day
- tomorrow : the next day or the following day
- yesterday : the previous day or the day before
- last night/week/year : the previous night/week/year
- next week/month/year : the following week/month/year
- yesterday morning : the previous morning or the morning before
Narration examples
| Direct speech | indirect speech |
|---|---|
| He said to them, “I will leave you now.” | He told them that he would leave them then. |
- Rule 2: यदि this, here और now आदि किसी ऐसी वस्तु या स्थान या समय की और संकेत करे जो कहते समय वक्ता के सामने उपस्थित हो तो Indirect बनाते समय उनमे कोई परिवर्तन नहीं होता, बल्कि उन्हें ज्यो का त्यों रख देते है।
example
| Direct speech | indirect speech |
|---|---|
| He said to me, “This is my shop.” | He told me that this was his shop. |
- Rule 3: This या these का प्रयोग यदि समय की ऒर संकेत के लिए होता है तो Indirect में इनको that या those में ही बदलते हैं । पर यदि this या these का प्रयोग Adjectives की भाँति हुआ है तो Indirect बनाते समय that या those के स्थान पर the का प्रयोग भी कर सकते हैं।
| Direct speech | indirect speech |
|---|---|
| He said, “We are going for a trip this week.” | He said that they were going for a trip that week. |
कुछ विशेष परिवर्तन (Some important changes):
- A. कभी-कभी Reported Speech में कुछ Nouns, Vocative case में आ जाते है, Indirect Narration में परिवर्तन करते समय वे Reporting Verb के Object बन जाते हैं । जैसे :
| Direct speech | indirect speech |
|---|---|
| adnan said, “shafad, I shall give you a book.” | adnan told shafad that he would give him a book. |
- B. यदि Inverted Commas के अंदर सम्बोधन के शब्द (Terms of address) का प्रयोग हो, तो उनको objects में बदल देते है या फिर उन्हें address….as के बाद रखते हैं । जैसे :
| Direct speech | indirect speech |
|---|---|
| good boy” said his mother, “You have been fighting again.” | Addressing her son as a good boy the mother said that he had been fighting again. |
- C. Needn’t को Indirect speech में ज्यो का त्यों रहने देते हैं । जैसे :
| Direct speech | indirect speech |
|---|---|
| He said to his sister, ” I needn’t go there now.” | He told his sister that he needn’t go there then. |
- D. यदि Inverted Commas के भीतर “well” या “you see” शब्द हो तो Indirect बनाते समय इन शब्दों को हटा देते हैं क्योकि ये निरर्थक शब्द हैं । जैसे :
| Direct speech | indirect speech |
|---|---|
| salim said, “Well aasif, I shall give you a book.” | salim told aasif that he would give him a book. |
- E. जिन शर्त बताने वाले (conditional) वाक्यो से काल्पनिक अथवा अवास्तविक स्थिति का बोध होता है, उनमे अवास्तविक भूतकाल (Unreal past tense) का प्रयोग होता है । Indirect Speech में इनमे कोई परिवर्तन नहीं होता है । जैसे :
| Direct speech | indirect speech |
|---|---|
| He said, ” If my school was near the house I would always be in time.” | He said that if her school was near the house she would always be in time. |
- F. Reported Speech में thank you का प्रयोग होने पर Indirect Speech में Reporting verb को thanked में बदल देते हैं । इसी तरह Reported Speech में प्रयुक्त hope, feel आदि को भी Reporting Verb बना देते हैं । जैसे –
| Direct speech | indirect speech |
|---|---|
| The azhar said to the teacher, “Thank you, sir, for your help.” | Theazhar respectfully thanked the teacher for his help. |
Read: Tense in hindi and english
Read: Top 50 english to hindi sentence
Interrogative Sentences in hindi
- Rule 1: Reporting Verb ‘said to’ को asked या enquired of में बदल देते हैं ।
- Rule 2 : प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यो में ‘That’ conjuction का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता ।
- Rule 3 : Indirect में प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य को साधारण वाक्य (Assertive Sentence) बना देते हैं । प्रश्नवाचक चिन्ह (?) हटा दिया जाता है , और उसके स्थान पर Full Stop(.) का प्रयोग किया जाता है ।
- Rule 4 : Reported Speech के Pronoun, Verb तथा अन्य शब्दों को Assertive sentences के नियमो के अनुसार बदलते हैं ।
- Rule 5 : जब Direct Speech में ऐसा प्रश्न हो जिसका उत्तर “Yes” या “No” में दिया जा सके अर्थात Reported Speech किसी सहायक क्रिया (Auxiliary verb) जैसे – is, are, am, was, were, do, does, did, shall, will, has, have, had, can, may आदि से शुरू हुई है तो Indirect Speech को Connective word ‘if’ या ‘whether’ से प्रारम्भ किया जाता है । उसके बाद करता लगाकर फिर से क्रिया का प्रयोग करते हैं । जैसे
| Direct speech | indirect speech |
|---|---|
| aamir said to me, ” Are you reading a newspaper?” | aamir asked me if I was reading a newspaper. |
- Rule 6 : अगर Reported Speech में सहायक क्रिया Do या Does हो और उसके बाद not न हो तो Indirect बनाते समय उनको हटा देते हैं, और मुख्य क्रिया को Simple Past Tense में बदल देते है । जैसे –
| Direct speech | indirect speech |
|---|---|
| She said to me, “Do you know sameer?” | She asked me whether I knew samerr. |
- Rule 7 : अगर Reported Speech में Do या Does के बाद not हो तो do या does के स्थान पर ‘did’ कर दिया जाता है । इस प्रकार Reported Speech के verb का Past Tense अपने आप बन जाता है । जैसे –
| Direct speech | indirect speech |
|---|---|
| teacher said to me, “Do you not obey me?” | teacher asked me if I did not obey him. |
- Rule 8: अगर Reported Speech में ‘did’ helping verb हो तो इसे हटा कर मुख्य क्रिया को Past perfect tense में बदल देते है । जैसे –
| Direct speech | indirect speech |
|---|---|
| He said to me, “Did you give me your mobile?” | He asked me whether I had given him my mobile |
- Rule 9 : यदि Reported Speech प्रश्नसूचक शब्द (what, who, which, whom, whose, when, why, how आदि ) से शुरू होती है तो Indirect Speech में कोई अन्य connective नहीं लगाया जाना चाहिए । ये शब्द ही connective होते है । जैसे –
| Direct speech | indirect speech |
|---|---|
| I said to her, “Who are you?” | I asked her who she was. |
- Rule 10 : ‘yes’, ‘no’ answer to questions जैसे –
| Direct speech | indirect speech |
|---|---|
| I said to her, “Can you give me this pen?” She said, “Yes.” | I asked her if she could give me that pen. She replied that she could. |
Read: sentence meaning in hindi
Imperative Sentences in hindi
जब किसी वाक्य में आज्ञा (order), परामर्श(advice) या प्रार्थना (request) प्रकट की गयी हो तो उसे Imperative Sentence कहते हैं । इसमें करता you छिपा रहता है तथा वाक्य finite verb से प्रारम्भ होता है ।
- Rule 1: Reporting Verb ‘said’ को भाव के अनुसार इस प्रकार बदलते है :
- a) order -ordered, commanded
- b) advice – advised, urged
- c) request – requested, begged, implored, entreated
- Rule 2 : Reported Speech के verb के पहले ‘to’ जोड़कर infinitive बना देते हैं ।
For Example :
| Direct speech | indirect speech |
|---|---|
| The principle said to me, “Sit in your class and learn your lesson.” | Theprinciple ordered me to sit in my class and learn my lesson. |
- Rule 3: Reported Speech के Vocative Case के noun को Reporting Verb का कर्म (Object) बना देते हैं ।
For Example :
| Direct speech | indirect speech |
|---|---|
| He said, “Work hard, friends.” | He advised his friends to work hard. |
- Rule 4: जब Reported Speech ‘Do not’ से प्रारम्भ हो, तो इसके परिवर्तन की दो विधिया है जैसे :
- a) Reporting Verb को forbade में बदल दिया जाता है तथा Reported Speech में आये हुए ‘do not’ को समाप्त करके क्रिया से पहले to लगा देते है । जैसे :
| Direct speech | indirect speech |
|---|---|
| The person said to the boy, “Do not abuse anyone.” | The person forbade the boy to abuse anyone. |
- b) Reporting Verb ‘said’ को भाव अनुसार ordered, advised या requested में बदला जाता है परन्तु इसमें Reported Speech में से केवल ‘do’ हटता है और ‘not’ के बाद ‘to’ infinitive का प्रयोग किया जाता है ।
- Rule 5 : Reported Speech जब never से प्रारम्भ हो तो Reporting verb को advised में बदल देते हैं और never तथा क्रिया के बीच to का प्रयोग करते हैं । जैसे –
| Direct speech | indirect speech |
|---|---|
| Your brother said to the boy, “Do not waste your time.” | Your brother advised the boy not to waste his time. |
- Rule 6 : जब Reported Speech में ‘Sir’, ‘Please’, ‘Kindly’ आदि शब्दों का प्रयोगहोता होता है तो Reported Verb को requested से बदल देते हैं । जैसे –
| Direct speech | indirect speech |
|---|---|
| She said to heena, “Kindly help me.” | She requested heena to help me. |
- Rule 7 : यदि Reported Speech में If से प्रारम्भ होने वाले clause में सलाह का भाव है तो Indirect Speech में should का प्रयोग करना चाहिए । जैसे –
| Direct speech | indirect speech |
|---|---|
| The brother said, “If you suffer from cold and cough, consult a doctor surely.” | The brother said if i suffered from cold and cough, i should consult a doctor surely. |
Direct : She said, “Could i use your mobile?”
Indirect : She requested me to use my mobile.
Direct : She said, “Would you like to have dinner with me?”
Indirect : She invited me to have dinner with her.
Direct : “Would you please give me your pen?” she said to me.
Indirect : She requested me to give her my pen.
A) For Proposal (प्रस्ताव)
- Reporting verb को proposed या suggested में बदल देते हैं ।
- Inverted commas को हटाकर that लगाते हैं ।
- Objective case (us) को Nominative case (we or they) में reporting verb के subject के person के अनुसार बदलते हैं ।
- Let को should में बदलते हैं और इसे we or they के बाद लिखते हैं।
a) Direct : shahrukh said, “Let us go for a party.”
Indirect : shahrukh proposed that they should go for a party.
b) Direct : I said to arshad, “Let us play a cricket.”
Indirect : I suggested to arshad that we should play a cricket.
c) Direct : “Let’s go to the market,” said irfan, “Let’s not,” said nadem.
Indirect : irfan suggested to nadeem that we should go to the market but Neha objected.
B) For Request (प्रार्थना)
- Reporting verb को requested में बदल देते हैं । ii) Let को to let में बदलते हैं या फिर let के स्थान पर that लगाकर noun या pronoun के साथ might be allowed to लिखकर क्रिया की first form लगाते हैं ।
Note : If request or advice is started with ‘Let there be‘ then we have to report it with ‘that there should be‘.
a) Direct : He said, “Let me go home.”
Indirect : He requested to let him go home.
b) Direct : I said to mansur, “Let there be no talk about you.”
Indirect : I advised to mansur that there should be no talk about you.
C) For Command (आदेश)
- Reporting verb को ordered में बदल देते हैं ।
- Let के स्थान पर that लगाकर noun या pronoun के बाद should का प्रयोग करते हैं ।
Direct : The teacher said, “Let the man go.”
Indirect : The teacher ordered that the man should go.
Optative Sentences in hindi
Reported Speech में request or wish के अर्थ में May का प्रयोग हो तो उसे Optative sentence कहते है ।
- Rule 1 : Reporting verb ‘said’ को ‘wished’, ‘cursed’ या ‘prayed’ में बदलकर sentence को assertive में बदल देते हैं , connective word ‘that’ लगाते हैं तथा Interjection के निशान (!) को हटा देते हैं |
- Note a) शुभकामना व्यकत करने के लिए wish तथा श्राप के लिए curse का प्रयोग करते हैं |
- Note b) Request to allaah के लिए prayed का प्रयोग करते हैं |
a) Direct : He said to me, “May you live long !”
Indirect : He wished that I might live long.
b) Direct : She said, “May your enemy go to hell !”
Indirect : She cursed that my enemy might go to hell.
c) Direct : jabid said to me, “May allaah bless you with children !”
Indirect : jabid prayed that allaah might bless me with children.
- Rule 2 : Reported speech में Good या Good bye का प्रयोग होता हैं तो said के स्थान पर bade का प्रयोग करते हैं तथा Good morning का प्रयोग हो तो said के स्थान पर wished प्रयोग करते हैं |
a) Direct : He said to her, “Good bye, my brother !”
Indirect : He bade good bye to his brother.
Exclamatory Sentences in hindi
इनमें joy, sorrow, surprise आदि प्रकट किया जाता हैं ।
- Rule 1 : Interjections को समाप्त कर देते हैं क्योकि इनके भाव तो Reporting verb से स्पष्ट हो जाते हैं ।
- Interjection – Hurrah से joy, Alas से sorrow, what a तथा how से surprise तथा bravo से approval प्रकट होता है ।
- Rule 2 : Inverted commas को that में बदल देते हैं ।
- Rule 3 : Note of exclamation (!) के बदले full stop (.) का प्रयोग करते हैं ।
- Rule 4 : Person और Tense का परिवर्तन Assertive वाक्य की तरह होता है ।
- Rule 5 : Reporting verb ‘said’ के स्थान पर परिवर्तन निम्न प्रकार से करने चाहिए :
- i) यदि प्रसन्नता प्रकट की गयी है, तो exclaimed with joy या exclaimed with delight का प्रयोग करते हैं ।
Direct : He said, “Hurrah ! I have passed the examination.”
Indirect : He exclaimed with delight that he had passed the examination.
- ii) यदि शोक प्रकट किया हो, तो exclaimed with sorrow या exclaimed with grief का प्रयोग करते हैं ।
Direct : The student said, “Alas ! My friend is dead.”
Indirect : The student exclaimed with sorrow that his friend was dead.
- iii) यदि प्रशंसा की गयी है , तो praised या applauded का प्रयोग करते है ।
Direct : The armies said,”Bravo ! We have won.”
Indirect : The armies applauded they they had won.
- iv) What a या How से अधिकता प्रकट होती है इसलिए इनके स्थान पर very या great का प्रयोग करते है ।
यदि what a या how के बाद noun आये तो उसे great से बदलते है परन्तु उसके बाद Adjective आने पर उसे very में बदलते हैं इसमें Reporting verb said को exclaimed में बदल देते हैं ।
a) Direct : The boy said, “How beautiful the flower is !”
Indirect : The boy exclaimed that the flower was very beautiful.
b) Direct : The principle said, “What a lazy fellow you are !”
Indirect : The principle exclaimed that I was very lazy fellow.
- v) यदि वाक्य में Good Heavens का प्रयोग हो तो Reporting verb को exclaimed with surprise में बदल देते हैं ।
Mixed Sentencesin hindi
Dialogue Sentencesin hindi
- Dialogues Direct में होते हैं , परन्तु फिर भी उनमें Inverted commas नहीं दिए जाते हैं इसलिए देख लेना चाहिए की वार्तालाप किस -किस के बीच हो रहा हैं तथा उनमें क्या सम्बन्ध हैं । साधारणतया जो पात्र बोलता है वह Reporting Verb का कर्ता होता है और जिससे बात कही जाती है वह object होता है ।
- कभी -कभी Reporting verb नहीं दिया होता है । ऐसी दशा में भाव के अनुसार Reporting Verb (told, asked, requested, ordered etc) का प्रयोग करना चाहिए ।
- जब Reporting verb न दिया हो तो उसे past tense में बनाते है ।
Indirect : juned asked hamja whether he would go to school that day. Hamja replied that he would not go. Juber asked him why he would not go. Hamja replied that he would not go because he was not feeling well.
